wttr/TARGET_ARCHITECTURE.md

wttr.in Target Architecture (Zig)

Overview

Single Zig binary (wttr) with simplified architecture:

• One HTTP server (karlseguin/http.zig)
• One caching layer (LRU + file-backed)
• Pluggable weather provider interface
• Rate limiting as injectable middleware
• English-only (i18n can be added later)
• No cron-based prefetching (operational concern)

System Diagram

Client Request
    ↓
HTTP Server (http.zig)
    ↓
Rate Limiter (middleware)
    ↓
Router
    ↓
Request Handler
    ↓
Cache Check
    ↓ (miss)
Location Resolver
    ↓
Weather Provider (interface)
    ├─ MetNo (default)
    └─ Mock (tests)
    ↓
Renderer
    ├─ ANSI
    ├─ JSON
    ├─ Line
    └─ (PNG/HTML later)
    ↓
Cache Store
    ↓
Response

Module Structure

wttr/
├── build.zig
├── build.zig.zon
└── src/
    ├── main.zig                    # Entry point, server setup
    ├── config.zig                  # Configuration
    ├── http/
    │   ├── server.zig             # HTTP server wrapper
    │   ├── router.zig             # Route matching
    │   ├── handler.zig            # Request handlers
    │   └── middleware.zig         # Rate limiter (Token Bucket)
    ├── cache/
    │   ├── cache.zig              # Cache interface
    │   ├── lru.zig                # In-memory LRU
    │   └── file.zig               # File-backed storage
    ├── location/
    │   ├── resolver.zig           # Main location resolution
    │   ├── geoip.zig              # GeoIP wrapper (libmaxminddb)
    │   ├── normalize.zig          # Location normalization
    │   └── geolocator.zig         # HTTP client for geolocator service
    ├── weather/
    │   ├── provider.zig           # Weather provider interface
    │   ├── metno.zig              # met.no implementation
    │   ├── mock.zig               # Mock for tests
    │   └── types.zig              # Weather data structures
    ├── render/
    │   ├── ansi.zig               # ANSI terminal output
    │   ├── json.zig               # JSON output
    │   └── line.zig               # One-line format
    └── util/
        ├── ip.zig                 # IP address utilities
        └── hash.zig               # Hashing utilities

Core Components

1. HTTP Server (main.zig, http/)

Responsibilities:

• Listen on configured port
• Parse HTTP requests
• Route to handlers
• Apply middleware (rate limiting)
• Return responses

Dependencies:

• karlseguin/http.zig

Configuration:

const Config = struct {
    listen_host: []const u8 = "0.0.0.0",
    listen_port: u16 = 8002,
    cache_size: usize = 10_000,
    cache_dir: []const u8 = "/tmp/wttr-cache",
    geolite_path: []const u8 = "./GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
    geolocator_url: []const u8 = "http://localhost:8004",
};

Routes:

GET  /                          → weather for IP location
GET  /{location}                → weather for location
GET  /:help                     → help page
GET  /files/{path}              → static files

2. Rate Limiter (http/middleware.zig)

Algorithm: Token Bucket

Responsibilities:

• Track token buckets per IP
• Refill tokens at configured rate
• Consume tokens on request
• Return 429 when bucket empty
• Injectable as middleware

Interface:

pub const RateLimiter = struct {
    buckets: HashMap([]const u8, TokenBucket),
    config: RateLimitConfig,
    allocator: Allocator,

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, config: RateLimitConfig) !RateLimiter;
    pub fn check(self: *RateLimiter, ip: []const u8) !void;
    pub fn middleware(self: *RateLimiter) Middleware;
    pub fn deinit(self: *RateLimiter) void;
};

pub const RateLimitConfig = struct {
    capacity: u32 = 300,           // Max tokens in bucket
    refill_rate: u32 = 5,          // Tokens per second
    refill_interval_ms: u64 = 200, // Refill every 200ms (5 tokens/sec)
};

const TokenBucket = struct {
    tokens: f64,
    capacity: u32,
    last_refill: i64,  // Unix timestamp (ms)

    fn refill(self: *TokenBucket, now: i64, rate: u32, interval_ms: u64) void {
        const elapsed = now - self.last_refill;
        const intervals = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(elapsed)) / @as(f64, @floatFromInt(interval_ms));
        const new_tokens = intervals * @as(f64, @floatFromInt(rate));

        self.tokens = @min(
            self.tokens + new_tokens,
            @as(f64, @floatFromInt(self.capacity))
        );
        self.last_refill = now;
    }

    fn consume(self: *TokenBucket, count: f64) bool {
        if (self.tokens >= count) {
            self.tokens -= count;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
};

Implementation:

• HashMap of IP → TokenBucket
• Each request consumes 1 token
• Tokens refill at configured rate (default: 5/second)
• Bucket capacity: 300 tokens (allows bursts)
• Periodic cleanup of old buckets (not accessed in 1 hour)

Example Configuration:

// Allow 300 requests burst, then 5 req/sec sustained
const config = RateLimitConfig{
    .capacity = 300,
    .refill_rate = 5,
    .refill_interval_ms = 200,
};

3. Cache (cache/)

Single-layer cache with two storage backends:

Interface:

pub const Cache = struct {
    lru: LRU,
    file_store: FileStore,

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, config: CacheConfig) !Cache;
    pub fn get(self: *Cache, key: []const u8) ?[]const u8;
    pub fn put(self: *Cache, key: []const u8, value: []const u8, ttl: u64) !void;
};

pub const CacheConfig = struct {
    max_entries: usize = 10_000,
    file_threshold: usize = 1024,  // Store to file if > 1KB
    cache_dir: []const u8,
};

Cache Key:

{user_agent}:{path}:{query}:{client_ip}

Storage Strategy:

• Small responses (<1KB): In-memory LRU only
• Large responses (≥1KB): LRU stores file path, data on disk
• TTL: 1000-2000s (randomized to prevent thundering herd)

LRU Implementation:

pub const LRU = struct {
    map: HashMap([]const u8, Entry),
    list: DoublyLinkedList([]const u8),
    max_entries: usize,

    const Entry = struct {
        value: []const u8,
        expires: i64,
        node: *Node,
    };

    pub fn get(self: *LRU, key: []const u8) ?[]const u8;
    pub fn put(self: *LRU, key: []const u8, value: []const u8, expires: i64) !void;
};

4. Location Resolver (location/)

Responsibilities:

• Parse location from URL
• Normalize location names
• Resolve IP to location (GeoIP)
• Resolve names to coordinates (geolocator)
• Handle special prefixes (~, @)

Interface:

pub const LocationResolver = struct {
    geoip: GeoIP,
    geolocator_url: []const u8,
    allocator: Allocator,

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, config: LocationConfig) !LocationResolver;
    pub fn resolve(self: *LocationResolver, location: ?[]const u8, client_ip: []const u8) !Location;
};

pub const Location = struct {
    name: []const u8,              // "London" or "51.5074,-0.1278"
    display_name: ?[]const u8,     // Override for display
    country: ?[]const u8,          // "GB"
    source_ip: []const u8,         // Client IP
};

Resolution Logic:

fn resolve(location: ?[]const u8, client_ip: []const u8) !Location {
    // 1. Empty/null → Use client IP
    if (location == null) return resolveIP(client_ip);

    // 2. IP address → Resolve to location
    if (isIP(location)) return resolveIP(location);

    // 3. @domain → Resolve domain to IP, then location
    if (location[0] == '@') return resolveDomain(location[1..]);

    // 4. ~search → Use geolocator
    if (location[0] == '~') return geolocate(location[1..]);

    // 5. Name → Normalize and use
    return Location{
        .name = normalize(location),
        .display_name = null,
        .country = null,
        .source_ip = client_ip,
    };
}

GeoIP:

• Wraps libmaxminddb C library via @cImport
• Built from source using Zig build system (not system library)
• Exposes clean Zig interface
• Hides C implementation details

Build Integration: The libmaxminddb library will be built as part of the Zig build process:

• Source code vendored in vendor/libmaxminddb/
• Compiled using b.addStaticLibrary() or b.addObject()
• Linked into the main binary
• No system library dependency required

// location/geoip.zig
const c = @cImport({
    @cInclude("maxminddb.h");
});

pub const GeoIP = struct {
    mmdb: c.MMDB_s,
    allocator: Allocator,

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, db_path: []const u8) !GeoIP {
        var self = GeoIP{
            .mmdb = undefined,
            .allocator = allocator,
        };

        const path_z = try allocator.dupeZ(u8, db_path);
        defer allocator.free(path_z);

        const status = c.MMDB_open(path_z.ptr, c.MMDB_MODE_MMAP, &self.mmdb);
        if (status != c.MMDB_SUCCESS) {
            return error.GeoIPOpenFailed;
        }

        return self;
    }

    pub fn lookup(self: *GeoIP, ip: []const u8) !?GeoIPResult {
        const ip_z = try self.allocator.dupeZ(u8, ip);
        defer self.allocator.free(ip_z);

        var gai_error: c_int = 0;
        var mmdb_error: c_int = 0;

        const result = c.MMDB_lookup_string(
            &self.mmdb,
            ip_z.ptr,
            &gai_error,
            &mmdb_error
        );

        if (gai_error != 0 or mmdb_error != c.MMDB_SUCCESS) {
            return null;
        }

        if (!result.found_entry) {
            return null;
        }

        // Extract city and country
        var entry_data: c.MMDB_entry_data_s = undefined;

        const city = blk: {
            const status = c.MMDB_get_value(
                &result.entry,
                &entry_data,
                "city", "names", "en", null
            );
            if (status == c.MMDB_SUCCESS and entry_data.has_data) {
                const str = entry_data.utf8_string[0..entry_data.data_size];
                break :blk try self.allocator.dupe(u8, str);
            }
            break :blk null;
        };

        const country = blk: {
            const status = c.MMDB_get_value(
                &result.entry,
                &entry_data,
                "country", "names", "en", null
            );
            if (status == c.MMDB_SUCCESS and entry_data.has_data) {
                const str = entry_data.utf8_string[0..entry_data.data_size];
                break :blk try self.allocator.dupe(u8, str);
            }
            break :blk null;
        };

        return GeoIPResult{
            .city = city,
            .country = country,
        };
    }

    pub fn deinit(self: *GeoIP) void {
        c.MMDB_close(&self.mmdb);
    }
};

pub const GeoIPResult = struct {
    city: ?[]const u8,
    country: ?[]const u8,

    pub fn deinit(self: GeoIPResult, allocator: Allocator) void {
        if (self.city) |city| allocator.free(city);
        if (self.country) |country| allocator.free(country);
    }
};

5. Weather Provider (weather/)

Interface (pluggable):

pub const WeatherProvider = struct {
    ptr: *anyopaque,
    vtable: *const VTable,

    pub const VTable = struct {
        fetch: *const fn (ptr: *anyopaque, location: []const u8) anyerror!WeatherData,
        deinit: *const fn (ptr: *anyopaque) void,
    };

    pub fn fetch(self: WeatherProvider, location: []const u8) !WeatherData {
        return self.vtable.fetch(self.ptr, location);
    }
};

pub const WeatherData = struct {
    location: []const u8,
    current: CurrentCondition,
    forecast: []ForecastDay,

    pub const CurrentCondition = struct {
        temp_c: f32,
        temp_f: f32,
        condition: []const u8,
        weather_code: u16,
        humidity: u8,
        wind_kph: f32,
        wind_dir: []const u8,
        pressure_mb: f32,
        precip_mm: f32,
    };

    pub const ForecastDay = struct {
        date: []const u8,
        max_temp_c: f32,
        min_temp_c: f32,
        condition: []const u8,
        weather_code: u16,
        hourly: []HourlyForecast,
    };

    pub const HourlyForecast = struct {
        time: []const u8,
        temp_c: f32,
        condition: []const u8,
        weather_code: u16,
        wind_kph: f32,
        precip_mm: f32,
    };
};

MetNo Implementation:

pub const MetNo = struct {
    allocator: Allocator,
    http_client: HttpClient,

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) !MetNo;
    pub fn provider(self: *MetNo) WeatherProvider;
    pub fn fetch(self: *MetNo, location: []const u8) !WeatherData;
};

Mock Implementation (for tests):

pub const MockWeather = struct {
    allocator: Allocator,
    responses: HashMap([]const u8, WeatherData),

    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) !MockWeather;
    pub fn provider(self: *MockWeather) WeatherProvider;
    pub fn addResponse(self: *MockWeather, location: []const u8, data: WeatherData) !void;
    pub fn fetch(self: *MockWeather, location: []const u8) !WeatherData;
};

6. Renderers (render/)

ANSI Renderer:

pub const AnsiRenderer = struct {
    pub fn render(allocator: Allocator, data: WeatherData, options: RenderOptions) ![]const u8;
};

pub const RenderOptions = struct {
    narrow: bool = false,
    days: u8 = 3,
    use_imperial: bool = false,
    no_caption: bool = false,
};

Output Format:

Weather for: London, GB

     \   /     Clear
      .-.      10 – 11 °C
   ― (   ) ―   ↑ 11 km/h
      `-'      10 km
     /   \     0.0 mm

JSON Renderer:

pub const JsonRenderer = struct {
    pub fn render(allocator: Allocator, data: WeatherData) ![]const u8;
};

One-Line Renderer:

pub const LineRenderer = struct {
    pub fn render(allocator: Allocator, data: WeatherData, format: []const u8) ![]const u8;
};

// Formats:
// 1: "London: ⛅️ +7°C"
// 2: "London: ⛅️ +7°C 🌬️↗11km/h"
// 3: "London: ⛅️ +7°C 🌬️↗11km/h 💧65%"
// Custom: "%l: %c %t" → "London: ⛅️ +7°C"

7. Request Handler (http/handler.zig)

Main handler flow:

pub const HandleWeatherOptions = struct {
    cache: *Cache,
    resolver: *LocationResolver,
    provider: WeatherProvider,
};

pub fn handleWeather(
    req: *http.Request,
    res: *http.Response,
    options: HandleWeatherOptions,
) !void {
    // 1. Parse request
    const location = parseLocation(req.url.path);
    const render_opts = parseOptions(req.url.query);
    const client_ip = getClientIP(req);

    // 2. Generate cache key
    const cache_key = try generateCacheKey(req, client_ip);

    // 3. Check cache
    if (options.cache.get(cache_key)) |cached| {
        return res.write(cached);
    }

    // 4. Resolve location
    const resolved = try options.resolver.resolve(location, client_ip);

    // 5. Fetch weather
    const weather = try options.provider.fetch(resolved.name);

    // 6. Render
    const output = try renderWeather(weather, render_opts);

    // 7. Cache
    const ttl = 1000 + std.crypto.random.intRangeAtMost(u64, 0, 1000);
    try options.cache.put(cache_key, output, ttl);

    // 8. Return
    return res.write(output);
}

Configuration

Environment Variables:

WTTR_LISTEN_HOST=0.0.0.0
WTTR_LISTEN_PORT=8002
WTTR_CACHE_SIZE=10000
WTTR_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/wttr-cache
WTTR_GEOLITE_PATH=./GeoLite2-City.mmdb
WTTR_GEOLOCATOR_URL=http://localhost:8004

Config File (optional):

// config.zig
pub const Config = struct {
    listen_host: []const u8,
    listen_port: u16,
    cache_size: usize,
    cache_dir: []const u8,
    geolite_path: []const u8,
    geolocator_url: []const u8,

    pub fn load(allocator: Allocator) !Config {
        return Config{
            .listen_host = std.os.getenv("WTTR_LISTEN_HOST") orelse "0.0.0.0",
            .listen_port = parsePort(std.os.getenv("WTTR_LISTEN_PORT")) orelse 8002,
            .cache_size = parseSize(std.os.getenv("WTTR_CACHE_SIZE")) orelse 10_000,
            .cache_dir = std.os.getenv("WTTR_CACHE_DIR") orelse "/tmp/wttr-cache",
            .geolite_path = std.os.getenv("WTTR_GEOLITE_PATH") orelse "./GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
            .geolocator_url = std.os.getenv("WTTR_GEOLOCATOR_URL") orelse "http://localhost:8004",
        };
    }
};

Dependencies

External (Zig packages):

• karlseguin/http.zig - HTTP server
• rockorager/zeit - Time utilities

Vendored (built from source):

• libmaxminddb - GeoIP lookups (C library, built with Zig build system)

Standard Library:

• std.http.Client - HTTP client for weather APIs
• std.json - JSON parsing/serialization
• std.HashMap - Cache and rate limiter storage
• std.crypto.random - Random TTL generation

Build Configuration

build.zig:

const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});

    // Build libmaxminddb from source
    const maxminddb = b.addStaticLibrary(.{
        .name = "maxminddb",
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    maxminddb.linkLibC();
    maxminddb.addIncludePath(.{ .path = "vendor/libmaxminddb/include" });
    maxminddb.addCSourceFiles(.{
        .files = &.{
            "vendor/libmaxminddb/src/maxminddb.c",
            "vendor/libmaxminddb/src/data-pool.c",
        },
        .flags = &.{"-std=c99"},
    });

    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "wttr",
        .root_source_file = .{ .path = "src/main.zig" },
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    // Add http.zig dependency
    const http = b.dependency("http", .{
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    exe.root_module.addImport("http", http.module("http"));

    // Add zeit dependency
    const zeit = b.dependency("zeit", .{
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    exe.root_module.addImport("zeit", zeit.module("zeit"));

    // Link libmaxminddb (built from source)
    exe.linkLibrary(maxminddb);
    exe.addIncludePath(.{ .path = "vendor/libmaxminddb/include" });
    exe.linkLibC();

    b.installArtifact(exe);

    // Tests
    const tests = b.addTest(.{
        .root_source_file = .{ .path = "src/main.zig" },
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    tests.root_module.addImport("http", http.module("http"));
    tests.root_module.addImport("zeit", zeit.module("zeit"));
    tests.linkLibrary(maxminddb);
    tests.addIncludePath(.{ .path = "vendor/libmaxminddb/include" });
    tests.linkLibC();

    const run_tests = b.addRunArtifact(tests);
    const test_step = b.step("test", "Run tests");
    test_step.dependOn(&run_tests.step);
}

Project Structure:

wttr/
├── build.zig
├── build.zig.zon
├── vendor/
│   └── libmaxminddb/          # Vendored libmaxminddb source
│       ├── include/
│       │   └── maxminddb.h
│       └── src/
│           ├── maxminddb.c
│           └── data-pool.c
└── src/
    └── ...

build.zig.zon:

.{
    .name = "wttr",
    .version = "0.1.0",
    .dependencies = .{
        .http = .{
            .url = "https://github.com/karlseguin/http.zig/archive/refs/tags/v0.1.0.tar.gz",
            .hash = "...",
        },
        .zeit = .{
            .url = "https://github.com/rockorager/zeit/archive/refs/tags/v0.1.0.tar.gz",
            .hash = "...",
        },
    },
    .paths = .{
        "build.zig",
        "build.zig.zon",
        "src",
    },
}

Testing Strategy

Unit Tests:

// cache/lru.zig
test "LRU basic operations" {
    var lru = try LRU.init(testing.allocator, 3);
    defer lru.deinit();

    try lru.put("key1", "value1", 9999999999);
    try testing.expectEqualStrings("value1", lru.get("key1").?);
}

test "LRU eviction" {
    var lru = try LRU.init(testing.allocator, 2);
    defer lru.deinit();

    try lru.put("key1", "value1", 9999999999);
    try lru.put("key2", "value2", 9999999999);
    try lru.put("key3", "value3", 9999999999);

    try testing.expect(lru.get("key1") == null); // Evicted
    try testing.expectEqualStrings("value2", lru.get("key2").?);
}

// weather/mock.zig
test "mock weather provider" {
    var mock = try MockWeather.init(testing.allocator);
    defer mock.deinit();

    const data = WeatherData{ /* ... */ };
    try mock.addResponse("London", data);

    const provider = mock.provider();
    const result = try provider.fetch("London");
    try testing.expectEqual(data.current.temp_c, result.current.temp_c);
}

// http/middleware.zig
test "rate limiter enforces limits" {
    const zeit = @import("zeit");

    var limiter = try RateLimiter.init(testing.allocator, .{
        .capacity = 10,
        .refill_rate = 1,
        .refill_interval_ms = 1000,
    });
    defer limiter.deinit();

    // Consume all tokens
    var i: usize = 0;
    while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
        try limiter.check("1.2.3.4");
    }

    // Next request should fail
    try testing.expectError(error.RateLimitExceeded, limiter.check("1.2.3.4"));

    // Wait for refill (1 second = 1 token)
    std.time.sleep(1_100_000_000); // 1.1 seconds

    // Should succeed now
    try limiter.check("1.2.3.4");
}

test "rate limiter allows bursts" {
    var limiter = try RateLimiter.init(testing.allocator, .{
        .capacity = 100,
        .refill_rate = 5,
        .refill_interval_ms = 200,
    });
    defer limiter.deinit();

    // Should allow 100 requests immediately (burst)
    var i: usize = 0;
    while (i < 100) : (i += 1) {
        try limiter.check("1.2.3.4");
    }

    // 101st should fail
    try testing.expectError(error.RateLimitExceeded, limiter.check("1.2.3.4"));
}

Integration Tests:

test "end-to-end weather request" {
    var mock = try MockWeather.init(testing.allocator);
    defer mock.deinit();

    // Setup mock data
    try mock.addResponse("London", test_weather_data);

    // Create server components
    var cache = try Cache.init(testing.allocator, .{});
    defer cache.deinit();

    var resolver = try LocationResolver.init(testing.allocator, .{});
    defer resolver.deinit();

    // Simulate request
    const output = try handleWeatherRequest(
        "London",
        &cache,
        &resolver,
        mock.provider(),
    );
    defer testing.allocator.free(output);

    try testing.expect(std.mem.indexOf(u8, output, "London") != null);
    try testing.expect(std.mem.indexOf(u8, output, "°C") != null);
}

Deployment

Single Binary:

# Build
zig build -Doptimize=ReleaseFast

# Run
./zig-out/bin/wttr

# With config
WTTR_LISTEN_PORT=8080 ./zig-out/bin/wttr

Docker:

FROM alpine:latest
COPY zig-out/bin/wttr /usr/local/bin/wttr
COPY GeoLite2-City.mmdb /data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb
ENV WTTR_GEOLITE_PATH=/data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb
EXPOSE 8002
CMD ["/usr/local/bin/wttr"]

Performance Targets

Latency:

• Cache hit: <1ms
• Cache miss: <100ms (depends on weather API)
• P95: <150ms
• P99: <300ms

Throughput:

• 10,000 req/s (cached)

• 1,000 req/s (uncached)

Memory:

• Base: <50MB
• With 10,000 cache entries: <200MB
• Binary size: <5MB

Future Enhancements (Not in Initial Version)

1. i18n Support - Add translation system
2. PNG Rendering - Add image output
3. HTML Output - Add web browser support
4. v2 Format - Data-rich experimental format
5. Prometheus Format - Metrics output
6. Moon Phases - Special moon queries
7. Multiple Weather Providers - WWO, OpenWeather, etc.
8. Metrics/Observability - Prometheus metrics, structured logging
9. Admin API - Cache stats, health checks

Migration from Current System

Phase 1: Parallel Deployment

• Deploy Zig version on different port (8003)
• Route 1% of traffic to Zig version
• Monitor errors and performance
• Compare outputs

Phase 2: Gradual Rollout

• Increase traffic to 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%
• Monitor at each step
• Rollback if issues

Phase 3: Cutover

• Switch all traffic to Zig version
• Keep Python/Go as backup for 1 week
• Decommission old system

Success Criteria

Functional:

• All core endpoints work (/, /{location}, /:help)
• ANSI output matches current system
• JSON output matches current system
• One-line formats work
• Location resolution works (IP, name, coordinates)
• Rate limiting works
• Caching works

Performance:

• Latency ≤ current system
• Throughput ≥ current system
• Memory ≤ current system
• Binary size <10MB

Quality:

• >80% test coverage
• No memory leaks (valgrind clean)
• No crashes under load
• Clean error handling

Operational:

• Single binary deployment
• Simple configuration
• Good logging
• Easy to debug